TRIGGERS OF VIOLENT STUDENT PROTESTS – A CASE STUDY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FREE STATE (UFS), SOUTH AFRICA

Abstract The study comes against the upsurge in violent student protests across universities in South Africa resulting in adverse consequences for both students and institutions. This provides the impetus for this paper, which provide insight into the triggers of violent student protests, from a socio-economic perspective. This study adopted an interpretive paradigm to understand the lived experiences of students who have participated in violent student protests. Theoretically, it drew on emergent norm theory (1993) which provided an understating into collective behaviour changes in crowds due to new behavioural norms in reaction to a precipitating crisis that usually creates solidarity among students. The theory in describes how violence manifests and its consequences for those concerned. The study adopted a qualitative research design, and the sample included students from various political parties and student organisations at the University of Free State (UFS). Data for this study was collected from interviews using an interview schedule. Qualitative analysis was performed using Nvivo12 Pro. The findings were presented following the research objective that focused on identifying the triggers of violent student protests. The study reveals that the lack of leadership presence during protests leads to students doing whatever they feel like since there is no guidance or direction from the SRC or student leaders from political parties or student organisations. The lack of response to emails and memorandums sent by students frustrates them, leading to them taking matters into their hands in an attempt to get attention and make those in power attend to them on their issues. The Individual selection of specific student leaders during a protest has the potential to incite violence among fellow protesters. Also, the presence of police and private security on campuses heavily armed with tactical gear causes anxiety among students and is perceived as an act of war. In conclusion, the study recommends conflict resolution mechanisms, the promotion of non-violent advocacy training and improved communication channels to mitigate violent student protests at higher learning institutions. This paper presents a significant contribution by providing a localised perspective on the cause of violent student protests in South Africa, rooted in comprehensive qualitative research. The use of established theoretical frameworks offers a robust scaffold for analysing protest dynamics. The findings of this paper aim to improve knowledge base and understanding of the nature of violent student protests.