CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING IN THE MODERN ERA: TECHNIQUES, GLOBAL BURDEN, AND IMPLEMENTATION CHALLENGES IN UZBEKISTAN

Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality among women worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) plays a central role in cervical carcinogenesis. Modern screening techniques including Papanicolaou (Pap) smear cytology, HPV DNA testing, visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA), and co-testing have significantly improved early detection and prevention of cervical cancer. Despite global advances in screening and HPV vaccination, disparities remain in developing regions due to inadequate healthcare infrastructure, low awareness, and limited access to organized screening programs. Uzbekistan is gradually strengthening national cervical cancer prevention strategies; however, challenges related to screening coverage, diagnostic facilities, trained personnel, and public awareness continue to affect effective implementation. This review discusses contemporary cervical cancer screening methods, evaluates the global burden of disease, and analyzes the current status and implementation challenges of cervical cancer screening programs in Uzbekistan.