An AI-enhanced framework for automated plastic waste classification, polymer identification, and sustainable microbial biodegradation

Plastic pollution poses a significant global challenge, with traditional waste management methods proving inadequate. This study introduces a novel three-stage framework for sustainable plastic waste management, integrating artificial intelligence (AI) with literature-based microbial degradation guidance. In Stage 1, three Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models, namely Custom CNN, EfficientNetV2, and MobileNetV2, were used to classify waste images into 34 categories and identify whether each item was plastic or non-plastic. Among them, MobileNetV2 achieved the highest accuracy, reaching 96.8% in multi-class classification and 98.8% in binary plastic versus non-plastic classification. In Stage 2, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest, and a one-dimensional Convolutional Neural Network (1D-CNN) were applied to Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy data to identify six common plastic types. The 1D-CNN model demonstrated superior performance, achieving 99.50% accuracy, outperforming the other models. Stage 3 provides a conceptual, literature-driven recommendation module for the management of non-recyclable plastics by associating polymer types with reported microbial degradation pathways, including microorganisms such as Ideonella sakaiensis for polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and Pseudomonas species for polystyrene (PS). This stage does not involve experimental biodegradation, simulation, or computational validation, and is intended to highlight potential end-of-life treatment directions informed by existing studies. Overall, the framework combines experimentally validated AI-based material classification and polymer identification with conceptual biodegradation recommendations, supporting informed decision-making across the plastic waste management pipeline. By aligning with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 12 (UN SDG 12), the proposed approach provides a structured and extensible foundation for advancing sustainable plastic waste management.