On the Invariant Sphere Theorem

Abstract For a system in $$\mathbb {R}^n$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msup> </mml:math> consisting of an unstable star node and homogeneous nonlinearity, i.e. $$\dot{x}=\mu x+Q(x)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>˙</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>Q</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> with $$\mu &gt;0$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and Q ( x ) a homogeneous polynomial satisfying $$xQ(x)&lt;0$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mi>Q</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> for all $$x\ne 0$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≠</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , Field in 1989 proved the existence of a unique topological invariant sphere. Here restricted to $$n=2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , we prove that the topological invariant circle is of star shape, and obtain the classification of all their phase portraits in the Poincaré disc when Q is of degree 5 and the invariant circle is the circle $${\mathbb {S}}^1=\{(x,y,z) \in \mathbb {R}^3|\ x^2+y^2+z^2=1\}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>S</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>{</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>z</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>∈</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>|</mml:mo> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>z</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>}</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . Moreover, without the restriction $$xQ(x)&lt;0$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mi>Q</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> we characterize the relation between equilibria (both finite and infinite) and the invariant straight lines passing through the origin. These results extend and improve the previous results of other authors.

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Publication Details

Journal
Aequationes Mathematicae
Published
2026-05-19
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00010-026-01298-2
Primary Topic
Advanced Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.00

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article

On the Invariant Sphere Theorem

Aequationes Mathematicae
Advanced Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems
article

On the Invariant Sphere Theorem

article en

Abstract

Abstract For a system in $$\mathbb {R}^n$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:msup> </mml:math> consisting of an unstable star node and homogeneous nonlinearity, i.e. $$\dot{x}=\mu x+Q(x)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>˙</mml:mo> </mml:mover> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>Q</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> with $$\mu &gt;0$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>μ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and Q ( x ) a homogeneous polynomial satisfying $$xQ(x)&lt;0$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mi>Q</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> for all $$x\ne 0$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≠</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , Field in 1989 proved the existence of a unique topological invariant sphere. Here restricted to $$n=2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , we prove that the topological invariant circle is of star shape, and obtain the classification of all their phase portraits in the Poincaré disc when Q is of degree 5 and the invariant circle is the circle $${\mathbb {S}}^1=\{(x,y,z) \in \mathbb {R}^3|\ x^2+y^2+z^2=1\}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>S</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>{</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>z</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>∈</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>|</mml:mo> <mml:mspace/> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>z</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>}</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . Moreover, without the restriction $$xQ(x)&lt;0$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mi>Q</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> we characterize the relation between equilibria (both finite and infinite) and the invariant straight lines passing through the origin. These results extend and improve the previous results of other authors.

Aequationes MathematicaeVol. 100(3)
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES), Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN), Centre de Recerca Matemàtica (ES)
National Natural Science Foundation of China, Agencia Estatal de Investigación
Openalex Percentile: Top 2%
Advanced Differential Equations and Dynamical Systems
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