Integrating Molecular Biology and Cryptography: A DNA and RNA-Based Framework for Secure Data Encryption

The rapid growth of digital communication and large-scale data exchange has increased the demand for advanced cryptographic techniques capable of resisting emerging computational threats. Conventional encryption methods primarily rely on mathematical complexity, which may become vulnerable with the advancement of high-performance computing and future quantum technologies. Biological molecules such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and RiboNucleic Acid (RNA) provide unique properties, including extremely high storage density, massive parallelism, and complex nucleotide structures that can inspire novel cryptographic mechanisms. This study proposes a bio-inspired cryptographic framework that integrates DNA encoding and RNA-based transformations to enhance data security. In the proposed framework, digital information is first converted into binary format and mapped to nucleotide sequences using a predefined encoding scheme. The encryption process incorporates multiple molecular transformations, including complementary base pairing, sequence permutation, and transcription-inspired DNA-to-RNA conversion to generate a highly randomized ciphertext. Decryption reverses these transformations to reconstruct the original plaintext. Security evaluation demonstrates that the proposed framework produces high entropy outputs, a substantially large key space, and enhanced resistance to statistical and brute-force attacks. The results indicate that DNA and RNA-inspired cryptographic systems can substantially enhance encryption complexity while maintaining reliable data recovery. This research highlights the potential of molecular cryptography as a promising interdisciplinary approach for future secure communication and biological data storage systems.