Urological Morbidity and Laboratory Diagnostics in Urology and Andrology of European and Turkic Populations

The study is devoted to the systematic analysis of urological and andrological morbidity among the male population in selected European (Germany, France, Italy, Poland) and Turkic countries (Turkey, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan) with a focus on assessing the role of laboratory diagnostics in the early detection, monitoring, and prediction of clinical forms of pathology. The purpose of the study is to establish a link between the prevalence of urological diseases and the level of development of laboratory infrastructure and to determine the effectiveness of routine, biochemical and molecular genetic methods. The methodological framework includes a content analysis of data from the European Association of Urology, the World Health Organisation, National urological registries, and laboratory reports, an epidemiological analysis of morbidity among men over 50 years of age, and a comparative assessment of the diagnostic capabilities of the public and private sectors. Higher prevalence rates of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (up to 42.5%) and prostate cancer (up to 11.3%) are recorded in Western European countries against the background of the availability of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing, determination of prostate cancer antigen level 3, circulating tumour deoxyribonucleic acid, and microribonucleic acids. However, in Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan, there is a substantial restriction on access to nucleic acid amplification methods, genetic panels, and hormone tests, which is accompanied by a decrease in the accuracy of diagnosing sexually transmitted infections (STIs), hypogonadism, and male infertility. Integration of laboratory methods with clinical stratification helped reduce diagnostic latency by an average of 22–27% and increase prognostic information content in urological oncological diseases. The results of the study confirm the need to expand the use of molecular diagnostics, introduce unified standards for reference intervals, automate laboratory data processing, and strengthen interdisciplinary integration of clinical and laboratory information.