Systematic Review of the Use of Multiperson Activity Schedules for Individuals with Disabilities

Abstract Multiperson activity schedules involve pairs and small groups of individuals who work cooperatively to accomplish tasks, and capitalize on the benefits of independent activity schedules, such as minimizing the need for adult prompting and increasing independence with complex tasks. This review aimed to (a) identify contexts in which multiperson activity schedules have been applied; (b) identify characteristics of the independent variable; (c) describe the dependent variable; (d) analyze the results of the studies; (e) examine the social validity of multiperson activity schedules; and (f) investigate the quality of the single-case research studies using the Single Case Analysis and Review Framework. We conducted a systematic search of two electronic databases and identified 146 articles and dissertations that were screened; of these, 11 met the inclusion criteria. Across a variety of cooperative tasks, the majority of studies demonstrated strong functional relations and positive effects on engagement, cooperation, and task completion. Despite generally promising findings, methodological limitations were common, including insufficient procedural fidelity and reliability data, limited assessment of maintenance and generalization, and inconsistent measurement of social validity. Overall, multiperson activity schedules appear to be a promising intervention, though stronger research rigor and more comprehensive reporting are needed. Practitioners could consider embedding multiperson activity schedules within naturally occurring classroom routines and collaborative activities to promote sustainable peer engagement while systematically planning for fading, generalization, and long-term independence.