Sustainability Assessment of EV Battery Waste Management from an Environmental, Economic, and Social Perspective

Program KBLBB was implemented to reduce carbon emissions and mitigate climate change by 2030. Total sales of Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) in Indonesia until June 2025 are 107,428, with the increase in sales resulting in a proportional rise in EV battery waste. EV battery waste requires comprehensive policy recommendations for its management, as in Indonesia. The goal of this research is to develop a sustainable assessment for an EV battery waste management model that addresses environmental, economic, and social perspectives. The assessment is carried out using the End-of-Waste framework model, Reuse, with recycling technology hydrometallurgy for Nickel Manganese Cobalt (NMC) and Lithium Ferro Phosphate (LFP) batteries. The results show that the environmental impacts of waste from NMC batteries are 20% smaller than those of LFP batteries, with 80% of the impacts. The total cost of waste from LFP batteries is lower than that of NMC batteries. The S-LCA risk score shows the same results for waste from NMC and LPF batteries: a very high risk for actual female employment, unequal remuneration, no collective bargaining indicators, and no right to organize. Sensitivity analysis results for EV battery waste management model for NMC batteries with hydrometallurgy, collection level of 30%, and recovery rate of 85%.