Genetic Architecture of Addiction‐Relevant Behaviors in Outbred Sprague–Dawley Rats Reveals Loci for Anxiety‐Like and Nociceptive Traits

ABSTRACT Studies have shown that substance use liability is associated with novelty seeking, anxiety‐like behavior, and pain sensitivity. We examined whether common genetic variation in outbred Sprague–Dawley rats explained variation in behavioral measures from three assays with established links to substance use: locomotor response to a novel environment, elevated plus maze, and tail flick. We estimated single‐nucleotide polymorphism heritability and performed genome‐wide association analyses using permutation‐derived significance thresholds ( N = 534–654 rats across traits). Heritability estimates ranged from 0.14 to 0.38 across 11 traits. Three independent loci were identified: chromosome 1 for elevated plus maze open‐arm behavior ( α = 0.05), chromosome 14 for elevated plus maze immobility ( α = 0.10), and chromosome 17 for tail flick latency ( α = 0.05). Candidate genes included Slc18a2 , Gfra1 , and Pdzd8 (chromosome 1); Rel and Bcl11a (chromosome 14); and Eci2 and Eci3 (chromosome 17). We compared these loci with our genome‐wide association study of a F 2 intercross of selectively bred high‐ and low‐responder rats, originally derived from Sprague–Dawleys, that model individual differences in externalizing and internalizing behavior. The current loci are distinct from the ones identified in the bred lines. This difference likely reflects selection history in the high‐ and low‐responder F 2 s, which focused on facets of exploratory locomotion, while loci for anxiety and pain sensitivity traits were identified in the outbreds. This highlights the benefit of using both outbred and selectively bred rats to probe causal variants contributing to individual differences in substance use liability. The current outbred findings implicate monoaminergic signaling, transcriptional control, and lipid metabolism as testable mechanisms for addiction‐relevant behaviors.