Rapid Optimization Method for Grid-Forming Energy Storage Systems Frequency Control Based on Leader–Follower Game Strategy

The integration of grid-forming energy storage systems (GFM-ESSs) provides essential support for the stable operation of grid-connected converters in renewable energy systems. However, GFM-ESSs may exhibit low-frequency oscillations in response to grid state variations, posing a threat to power system stability. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a fast continuous optimization method for the active power–frequency control loop of multi-VSG-based GFM-ESSs. First, a parameter coupling model for multiple VSGs is established, and an internal parameter decoupling control strategy is proposed. Subsequently, an iterative optimization model based on a gradient-based master–slave game is developed, in which the minimization of converter frequency deviation serves as the leader’s objective, while the minimization of system frequency deviation acts as the follower’s objective. Frequency fluctuations are further mitigated through tracking differentiator-based active power compensation. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated through simulation with six GFM-ESS units integrated into a modified IEEE 33-node system featuring six renewable energy stations. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach significantly suppresses frequency fluctuations while also reducing the response time and the rate of frequency change under grid disturbance conditions.