Health Impacts of Coal Mining in India: A Study of Industrial Regions

Coal mining remains a cornerstone of India’s energy infrastructure, supporting industrial growth and electricity generation. However, the sector also poses significant occupational and environmental health risks to mine workers and nearby communities. This study evaluates the health impacts associated with coal mining activities in major industrial regions of India, particularly Jharia, Korba, and Singrauli. A mixed-method approach involving quantitative environmental analysis and qualitative health assessment has been adopted to investigate disease prevalence, pollution exposure, and socio-economic vulnerability among mining populations. The findings indicate a strong relationship between exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM₂.₅ and PM₁₀) and respiratory disorders such as coal workers’ pneumoconiosis, silicosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Water contamination resulting from acid mine drainage and heavy metal leaching further contributes to gastrointestinal and neurological disorders in nearby communities. In addition to respiratory illnesses, miners frequently suffer from musculoskeletal disorders, hearing impairment, skin diseases, and psychological stress caused by unsafe working conditions and displacement. The study emphasizes that health impacts in mining regions are multidimensional and influenced by environmental degradation, inadequate healthcare access, and poor enforcement of occupational safety regulations. The paper concludes with recommendations for sustainable mining practices, improved healthcare infrastructure, real-time environmental monitoring, and stronger policy implementation aimed at balancing industrial development with public health protection.