Analysing Hall current and thermal radiation effects in unsteady MHD hybrid Cu–Al ₂ O ₃ /blood nanofluid flow, including chemical reactions and internal heat generation for modelling chemical products and processes

Abstract This study investigates the effects of Hall current and thermal radiation on unsteady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) electrically conducting laminar flow of a hybrid nanofluid through a porous medium bounded by infinite exponentially accelerated vertical plates in the presence of heat source and chemical reaction. The hybrid nanofluid is formed by dispersing copper (Cu) and alumina (Al 2 O 3 ) nanoparticles in blood as the base fluid. The nonlinear governing partial differential equations describing the flow, heat, and mass transfer are transformed into a system of non-dimensional equations using suitable similarity transformations. These equations are then solved analytically using the perturbation technique to obtain expressions for velocity, temperature, and concentration fields. The influences of various physical parameters on primary velocity, secondary velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles are illustrated graphically and discussed in detail. Additionally, engineering quantities of practical importance, namely skin friction, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number, are evaluated for both hybrid Cu–Al 2 O 3 /blood nanofluid and mono Cu/blood nanofluid. Comparative results reveal that the hybrid nanofluid exhibits enhanced thermal performance compared with the mono nanofluid, demonstrating its potential suitability for biomedical and thermal transport applications.