Genetics of tardive dyskinesia: a review of progress over the past decade

Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a potentially irreversible movement disorder that emerges in a proportion of schizophrenia patients who are prescribed antipsychotic medications. These movements affect mostly the orofacial regions, but may also affect the limbs and other body areas, resulting in significant functional impairment and decreased quality of life. While uncertainty about the pathophysiology of TD persists, studies on families support a genetic component. Over the years, a number of genes have emerged as potential candidates for TD, but evidence supporting their involvements remain inconclusive. Here, we performed a literature search for articles related to genetics of TD from 2015 to 2025 on PubMed and Scopus and reviewed the progress in TD genetic research over the past decade.