Contrasting air pollution responses to hourly varying anthropogenic NO _<i>x</i> emissions in the contiguous United States

Abstract. Some global atmospheric chemistry modeling applications assume that intra-month variability in anthropogenic emissions averages out at monthly timescales. To systematically quantify the impacts of resolving daily and hourly emissions, we use a global model with a refined ∼ 14 km resolution over the contiguous United States (CONUS; MUSICAv0) and a regional CONUS inventory for July 2018. Switching from daily to hourly nitric oxide (NO) emissions (typically higher during the day and lower at night) yields contrasting spatial responses in nitrogen oxides (NOx≡ NO+ nitrogen dioxide (NO2)) and ozone (O3) concentrations in the western versus eastern CONUS and in urban versus rural areas. Neglecting hourly variations in CONUS NO emissions leads to grid-cell level discrepancies in monthly mean surface O3 concentrations of −22 % to +11 % (−7 to +5 ppb) and surface NO2 of −49 % to +86 % (−1 to +8 ppb), with tropospheric NO2 columns showing similar spatial patterns (−12 % to +56 %). While comparable in magnitude to a uniform 30 % NO emission reduction (grid-cell level surface O3 differences of −12 % to +9 %, −7 to +3 ppb), the spatial response patterns differ with location-specific timing of emissions and meteorology. For example, Los Angeles shows higher morning NOx concentrations and stronger NOx-saturated O3 suppression relative to New York City. A simple scaling analysis suggests that neglecting hourly emissions variability can bias NOx emissions inferred from monthly mean tropospheric NO2 columns, with absolute relative differences ranging from ∼ 1 % to ∼ 56 % within individual model grid cells.