Perspective on Modular Electrocatalysis for Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling

The carbon-nitrogen (C-N) cycle is a pivotal natural process for maintaining an ecological balance. However, excessive nitrogen pollution and greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions have disrupted this equilibrium. The many complex reaction pathways of carbon and nitrogen, along with fragmented research into these, have hindered practical application. Electrocatalysis as a transformative approach is expected to restore this balance. This perspective proposes the innovative concept of "Modular Electrocatalysis" as a highly efficient system designed to integrate the numerous segmented electrocatalytic C-N reactions. Here the underpinning aim is to deconstruct the complex C-N conversion process into controllable, simplified reaction steps achieved through the customized module unit combination and adjustable modular routes, facilitating the transformation of carbon- and nitrogen-containing pollutants into high-value-added chemicals such as amines and amides. In this perspective, the related challenges and potential solutions for the design of feasible modular catalytic routes will be presented. The significance of catalyst tailoring and reactor customization will be explored with a goal to reduce the underlying difficulties of integration in a functional industrial implementation, providing systematic guidance for artificial C-N cycling processes.