Preclinical evidence of sonodynamic therapy in glioblastoma and challenges towards clinical translation: a review of the literature

Abstract Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is an emerging treatment modality for glioblastoma. While several preclinical studies have demonstrated tumoricidal effects, clinical translation remains limited. A systematic literature search identified thirteen preclinical studies demonstrating tumoricidal effects with substantial variability in ultrasound parameters, and six clinical trials with heterogeneous protocols. Although preclinical studies support the effectiveness of SDT in glioblastoma, the lack of standardized protocols reflects limited understanding of its underlying mechanisms.