Moss and microbial respiration contribute equally to biocrusts carbon emissions in drylands

• Total respiration of moss crust ( R total ) can be divided into moss ( R moss ) and microbial respiration ( R microbial ). • The biomass regression method can be used to distinguish the components of R total . • Soil water content and temperature regulate the variation in R moss and R microbial . • Estimated annual carbon (C) efflux of R total was 564 g m −2 yr −1 . • R moss and R microbial contribute equally to the annual C emissions of biocrusts (51% vs. 49%). As an important surface cover in drylands, biocrusts play a critical role in regulating regional carbon (C) emissions through respiration. However, the partitioning of biocrust soil respiration into its components (such as moss ( R moss ) and microbial respiration ( R microbial )) and their relative contributions to C efflux remain unclear. In this study, we conducted continuous measurements of respiration rates on moss crusts with different coverage (0, 5%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) over two growing seasons (2023–2024) on the Loess Plateau in northern China. Our results showed that the biomass regression method effectively partitioned R total into R moss and R microbial ( R 2 = 0.28–0.99), while a coupled soil water content–temperature model explained 65% and 41% of their variation, respectively. Soil water content showed an indirect positive association with R microbial via soil organic C content ( P < 0.001), whereas soil temperature showed an indirect negative association with R moss via soil water content and moss biomass ( P < 0.001). Model extrapolation estimated that an annual C efflux from moss crust was 564 g C m –2 yr –1 , with R moss and R microbial contributing 51% and 49%, respectively. Overall, our study reveals that biocrust respiration components ( R moss and R microbial ) contribute approximately equally to total C emissions and highlights their partitioning as critical for improving global dryland C cycle projections.