Passenger ride comfort estimation based on the recurrence plot technique and convolutional neural network

Ride comfort has become a crucial evaluation metric for autonomous vehicles. Existing studies on passenger comfort state estimation mainly rely on single-source vehicle data and traditional machine learning models for state estimation, which struggle to adequately capture local features in multi-source time-series signals and their nonlinear relationships with subjective perception, resulting in limited classification accuracy. To address this issue, this paper proposes a passenger ride comfort state (discomfort/no-discomfort) estimation method based on the fusion of human-vehicle data. Vehicle acceleration, passenger posture data, and individual characteristics are transformed into two-dimensional images using the recurrence plot (RP) technique to explicitly represent local temporal structures in the time-series signals, thereby improving data utilisation. Subsequently, a two-dimensional convolutional neural network is then used to train on the image data and identify comfort states. Experimental results verify that the performance of the proposed evaluation model outperforms traditional methods, with a state estimation accuracy of 94.04%.