A practical approach to coupling GNSS and precise geometric leveling

Abstract This study aims to couple satellite data with precise geometric models. The performance assessment of the method is based on the dataset collected at a part of the vertical base geodetic control network in the Podkarpackie province in Poland. We used baselines determined in two 12-hour-long static Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurement sessions and reference coordinates of vertical base points of the geodetic control network. Baselines obtained from satellite measurements were used for the fusion, considering the height anomalies taken from the corresponding official geoid model PL-geoid2021. Proprietary solutions played a key role in satellite measurements by ensuring the correct performance of long-term measurements without requiring the manual measurement of the height of GNSS antennas relative to the marks of the measured geodetic control points. Two patented solutions were used for the first time in this study. The results confirmed the correctness and high applicability of the presented approach.