Evaluation of Controlled Blasting Techniques for Reducing Ground Vibrations in Surface Mining

Blasting is an indispensable operation in surface mining, primarily employed for rock fragmentation and excavation. However, blast-induced ground vibration (BIGV) remains one of the most critical environmental and geotechnical challenges associated with mining activities. Excessive ground vibration may cause structural damage to nearby buildings, destabilisation of mine slopes, and social disturbances in surrounding communities. The present study evaluates the effectiveness of various controlled blasting techniques in minimising ground vibration while maintaining operational efficiency and acceptable fragmentation characteristics. Field investigations were conducted by analysing major blasting parameters such as charge per delay, burden, spacing, delay timing, and blast geometry. Controlled blasting techniques, including reduced charge per delay, optimised delay sequencing, deck charging, air decking, and pre-splitting, were systematically examined. Ground vibration was monitored using seismographic instruments, and vibration intensity was assessed in terms of Peak Particle Velocity (PPV). The measured values were compared with regulatory standards prescribed by the Directorate General of Mines Safety (DGMS) and the United States Bureau of Mines (USBM). The results demonstrate that controlled blasting significantly reduces vibration levels in comparison with conventional blasting methods. Among the investigated techniques, deck charging and delay timing optimization produced the highest reduction in PPV, achieving approximately 40–50% reduction in vibration intensity. The study further emphasizes that the integration of controlled blasting with real-time monitoring systems and predictive analytical models can substantially improve environmental sustainability, operational safety, and regulatory compliance in surface mining operations.