A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON THE ANTIOXIDANT, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF BACCAUREA RAMIFLORA LEAVES

Baccaurea ramiflora (commonly known as Latkan or Burmese grape) is a tropical species which is found extensively throughout Southeast Asia and valued for its nutritional and medicinal property. Traditional knowledge highlights the therapeutic importance of its leaves, which are utilized to mitigate inflammation, pain, wounds, fever, and skin infections. Recent scientific research conducted between 2015 and 2025 has authenticated those ethnomedicinal uses and identify a diverse phytochemical composition in B. ramiflora leaves, which includes flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, glycosides, terpenoids, rosmarinic acid, and β-sitosterol. These compounds are contributed to significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, analgesic, and wound-repairing effects. Studies on antioxidant properties indicate productive scavenging of free radicals which is determined by DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays, whereas anti-inflammatory inspection reveal marked decline in paw swelling and decreased levels of inflammatory cytokines. Antimicrobial tests show that the plant displays inhibitory effects against various bacterial and fungal pathogens. Toxicity tests indicate a broad safety margin, with acute LD₅₀ values exceeding 5000 mg/kg and no remarkable adverse effects monitored in sub-acute and sub-chronic studies. The therapeutic capabilities of B. ramiflora leaves approves their use in current herbal formulations, particularly within hydrogel-based wound-care systems that integrate silver nanoparticles. Future directions include clinical trials, studies focusing on underlying mechanisms, standardization of extraction processes, and exploration within pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and biomedical applications. In summary, B. ramiflora leaves arise as a promising natural resource for the innovation of safe and effective plant-derived therapeutic products.