Mesquite Exudates and Insect Lac: O’odham Use and Hohokam Traditions

Abstract Historic accounts often cite mesquite gum as a component of O’odham material culture and medicinal practices. This study reevaluates these claims through chemical analysis of artifacts and reconsiders historical accounts in light of the chemistry of mesquite exudates. Museum artifacts previously identified as containing mesquite gum were instead identified as insect lac, consistent with its use in Hohokam artifacts and suggesting technological continuity. Mesquite polyphenolic exudate—distinct from polysaccharide gum—was identified as the base for carbonaceous black paints and, given its chemical properties, was likely used in traditional medicinal applications. Linguistic distinctions in O’odham terminology reflect a detailed understanding of mesquite resources. These findings highlight the importance of precise material identification in interpreting cultural and technological practices in the American Southwest, as well as the value of reevaluation of museum collections.