Patterns of physical activity and social interaction in urban green spaces in Casablanca, Morocco

Abstract Urban green spaces (UGS) are key venues for promoting physical activity (PA) and social interaction. Yet little is known about their use in low- and middle-income settings. This study observed Casablanca’s UGS, focusing on patterns of PA and social interaction across demographic and temporal variations. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in four UGS within a participatory approach. Observations used the validated Method for Observing Physical Activity and Well-being (MOHAWk) tool. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and multinomial logistic regression with cluster bootstrap standard errors were used to assess associations between PA, social interaction, and demographic or temporal factors. A total of 6,199 observations were recorded. UGS use was more frequent on weekends (63.5%) and in the evening (51.7%). Walking was the most common activity (39.3%), and over half of users engaged in social interaction (56.3%). Most users were adults (58.1%) and male (62.8%). Males had higher odds of light-to-moderate (OR = 1.72) and vigorous PA (OR = 10.66) than females. Children had the highest odds of both light-to-moderate (OR = 8.8) and vigorous PA (OR = 23.3). Social interaction was not associated with light-to-moderate PA but was negatively associated with vigorous PA (OR = 0.30). This first systematic observational study of UGS use and PA in Casablanca reveals important sex and age disparities and highlights the dual role of green spaces as sites for both movement and social connection. Urban policy should prioritize inclusive infrastructure and targeted programming to ensure women and older adults benefit equally from these health-promoting environments.