A highly feasible simulation model based on nipple-preserving pork portions for practicing superficial mass resection

Abstract Background Superficial mass resection is a core surgical skill requiring practical training. Existing simulation models, such as silicone pads or virtual reality, are often costly or inaccessible, creating a need for an affordable and feasible alternative for surgical education. Methods In this feasibility study, we developed a low-cost, high-fidelity simulation model using a rind-on pork belly with preserved nipples to practice this procedure and evaluated its efficacy in a skill training study involving 56 surgery residents, whose competency was assessed using a procedure-specific rating scale and the Direct Observation of Procedural Skills (DOPS) tool. Results The pork-based model effectively differentiated competency levels among residents with varying experience. It demonstrated superior fidelity compared to silicone models, without increased operational difficulty, proving particularly suitable for beginners. Conclusions This pork-based simulation model is low-cost and easy to prepare, and it represents a high-fidelity training tool, highlighting the possibility of using biological models in hands-on surgical simulation.