Radiation-Resistant Microbes: Pioneers for Life Beyond Earth

Radiation is one of the most pervasive environmental stressors that has profoundly influenced microbial evolution, driving the development of intricate survival strategies in extreme environments. This review examines the mechanisms underpinning microbial adaptation to various forms of radiation, including DNA repair systems, protective pigments, and antioxidant defenses. Emphasis is placed on the ecological niches occupied by radiation-resistant microbes, spanning from high-altitude deserts and deep subsurface ecosystems to space-exposed habitats. The insights gained not only enhance our understanding of microbial resilience but also hold significant implications for astrobiology and space exploration. By leveraging multi-omics approaches and experimental studies, research on radiation-resistant microbes has unveiled a broad range of potential applications in biotechnology, planetary protection, and the search for extraterrestrial life.