From headdress to apparel: an examination of the interplay between civil and military officials’ attire in Tang Dynasty tombs

This research analyzes the costume representations of civil and military officers in Tang Dynasty ([Táng]唐, 618–907) tombs, focusing on Tomb sculptures, figurine puppets, and tomb-gate line engravings. Employing a multidisciplinary methodology combining historical costume analysis, archeology, and iconography, it compiles around 200 images of Tomb sculptures and 100 photographs of figurines from imperial mausoleums([huáng líng]皇陵), aristocratic([guì zú]贵族)tombs, and civilian ([píng mín]平民) graves. The analysis delineates the chronological development of costume components—headgear, outerwear, footwear, and accessories—citing historical documents like the Old Book of Tang ([Jiù Tángshū]旧唐书; El antiguo libro de Tang)and Kaiyuan Rites of Tang([Kāiyuán Lǐ]大唐开元礼; Sp. Ritos de Kaiyuan) for precision. Research identifies a three-phase development in imperial mausoleums: initial martial themes, civil-military contradiction post-755CE and Late Tang (825–907) dress synthesis. Lower-tier tombs initiated paired civil-military representations by 691CE, reflecting grassroots innovation. The study highlights the relationship between civilian and military clothing, illustrating shifting political balances. By connecting digital heritage documentation with costume analysis, it provides a replicable framework for examining visual regimes and power dynamics, rectifying deficiencies in Tang costume research and supporting cultural heritage preservation.