Recent advances and future prospects in methanol fuel cell technologies

To review the current advances, persistent challenges, and future prospects of methanol fuel cell technologies, thereby supporting the transition toward low-carbon energy systems. This is a comprehensive review that analyzes recent global progress across key aspects of methanol fuel cell technology. The focus areas include catalyst development, membrane innovation, performance optimization, and system integration. Recent advances in electrocatalysts, nanostructured membranes, and hybrid system designs have substantially enhanced the efficiency, durability, and operational flexibility of methanol fuel cells. This progress has enabled their expansion in transportation, portable electronics, stationary power, and industrial energy generation. This review offers a holistic overview of the current state-of-the-art and identifies critical limiting factors, such as methanol crossover, limited long-term durability, and high production costs, that continue to constrain commercialization. It emphasizes the need for coordinated, multidisciplinary efforts in materials science and system engineering, alongside favorable policies, to accelerate adoption and position methanol fuel cells as an integral component of the future renewable-energy landscape.