Treatment Outcome and Associated Factors among Chronic Kidney Disease Patients at Zewditu Memorial Hospital and Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital: A retrospective cross-sectional study

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains a major treatment challenge in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) due to limited resources, delayed diagnosis, poor access to essential medicines, and inadequate renal replacement services. Given the limited evidence on CKD management and outcomes in these settings, this study aims to evaluate the clinical outcomes and associated factors among CKD patients at Zewditu Memorial Hospital and Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Ethiopia. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study design was used. All adult CKD patients attending the renal clinics at both hospitals between March and July 2019 were enrolled. Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics were collected through structured patient interviews and medical record reviews. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 23. Results: Of 300 CKD patients included, nearly half of them had CKD-related complications, and 11% were in end stage renal disease (ESRD). Among those with complications, 29% had hospitalization prior to data extraction. Most participants (83.7%) adhered to clinician-recommended non-pharmacological interventions. Enalapril and amlodipine were prescribed to 39.0% and 37.3% of patients, respectively, and polypharmacy was observed in 53.3% of patients with stage five CKD. Conclusion: A substantial proportion of CKD patients had complications, including hospitalization and ESRD. Polypharmacy was prevalent among patients with advanced CKD, underscoring the need for comprehensive management and close monitoring to improve treatment outcomes.