Next generation open access visualization of neuroanatomy through <scp>3D</scp> modeling and <scp>3D</scp> printing

Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has transformed anatomy education by enabling students to visualize complex spatial relationships through interactive tactile learning. This technology is particularly valuable for neuroanatomy education, widely regarded as one of the most spatially challenging subjects in health professions curricula where form-function relationships are far less intuitive than other systems. Traditionally, neuroanatomy education has relied on intact donor brains for dissection and commercial neuroanatomical models. However, many institutions lack access to body donor programs that provide whole human brains, and vendor-supplied plastic models can be prohibitively expensive for some institutions. 3D printing addresses both challenges by enabling educators to create accurate, customized neuroanatomical models at a fraction of commercial costs. Despite this significant potential, implementation of 3D-printed models in neuroanatomy curricula remains limited. Anatomy educators face substantial barriers when adopting 3D printing technologies, including sourcing ethically appropriate digital data, selecting suitable printing equipment, choosing the best printing medium (e.g., plastic vs. resin), and effectively integrating these learning aids into existing curricula. To address these challenges, this discursive article provides comprehensive guidance on 3D printing for neuroanatomy education. We examine the pedagogical motivations and methodologies for creating 3D-printed brain models, and we evaluate 3D printing options across multiple domains: cost-effectiveness, required technical expertise, material properties, software accessibility, and model complexity. Through this analysis, we aim to enhance accessibility and knowledge of 3D printing technologies, ultimately supporting broader adoption of this powerful educational tool among anatomy educators.