Harnessing biogenic nanoparticles to mitigate biotic stresses in sustainable crop production

The biogenic nanoparticles (BNPs) synthesis approach has emerged as the most sustainable and environmentally friendly option among the physical, chemical, and biological NPs synthesis methods. In diverse field applications such as agriculture, biomedicine, food and environmental sector, cosmetics, and energy sectors, biogenic nanoparticles (BNPs) contribute to resolving stress issues. In this review, we provide updated information on the biogenic synthesis of NPs and their application in resolving biotic stresses through direct or indirect approaches. Beyond merely summarizing recent developments, this review highlights the unique advantages of biogenic NPs over chemically or physically synthesized counterparts, particularly their eco-friendly fabrication, reduced toxicity, biodegradability, and enhanced biocompatibility with plant systems. We discuss how biogenic NPs target biotic stress–causing organisms through nano-pesticides, nano-insecticides, nano-herbicides, and related nano-enabled interventions that interact directly with pathogen or pest infection sites. Plant growth, upliftment, and tolerance development are indirect ways to overcome biotic stresses. Furthermore, this review study covers a broader view of the possible toxicological concerns of BNPs in agronomic activities.