A dynamic state estimation framework for adaptive overcurrent and overvoltage relay coordination to address protection challenges in distribution systems with high PV integration

Abstract The widespread incorporation of high-penetration PV systems into contemporary distribution networks significantly compromises the reliability of traditional, statically-configured overcurrent and overvoltage protection mechanisms. The transition to bidirectional and highly variable power flows, prompted by decarbonization initiatives, results in ongoing issues such as protection blinding, nuisance tripping, and loss of coordination, thereby threatening system security and limiting renewable hosting capacity. Although adaptive protection schemes have been suggested, a notable research gap persists: current solutions do not provide a thorough, data-driven basis for achieving real-time, system-wide situational awareness. This study introduces an adaptive protection framework based on a DSE engine. It utilizes real-time synchrophasor measurements to continuously model the network state and optimize relay settings dynamically. Simulation results on a modified IEEE 34-node test feeder with 70% PV penetration confirm the framework’s enhanced performance. The proposed DSE-based system completely eliminates protection blinding, reduces nuisance tripping by more than 92%, and ensures optimal relay coordination across all evaluated dynamic scenarios, including fault transients and generation ramps. Quantitative findings indicate a 17.6% enhancement in average fault clearing time (155.3 ms compared to 188.5 ms), a 44.7% decrease in voltage total harmonic distortion, and the feasibility of real-time computation with an average execution cycle of 4.1 ms on standard hardware. The results demonstrate that adopting a state-aware, adaptive protection paradigm is essential for ensuring the security, reliability, and increased renewable hosting capacity of future distribution grids, offering utilities a practical, simulation-validated approach for modernizing protection infrastructure.