CANCER: MOLECULAR PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS, AND EMERGING THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES – A REVIEW

Cancer is a multifactorial disease characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, and the ability to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize to distant organs. It remains one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. The pathogenesis of cancer involves complex interactions between genetic mutations, environmental exposures, and lifestyle-related factors. Recent advances in molecular biology have significantly enhanced the understanding of cancer mechanisms, leading to the development of innovative diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of cancer pathophysiology, major risk factors, classification, diagnostic approaches, and both current and emerging treatment modalities. Special emphasis is placed on targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and precision medicine as promising approaches for improved cancer management.