Health-promoting phytochemicals in fruits from mediterranean climate

Fruits produced under Mediterranean climate conditions are key components of the Mediterranean diet, widely recognized for its association with longevity and reduced risk of chronic diseases. These fruits—such as grapes, olives, citrus, pomegranates, figs, and almonds—are rich in health-promoting phytochemicals, including polyphenols, carotenoids, and vitamins, which contribute to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective properties. The biosynthesis and accumulation of these bioactives are strongly influenced by environmental factors typical of Mediterranean regions, such as high solar radiation, temperature fluctuations, and water stress. This review provides an updated overview of the major classes of phytochemicals in Mediterranean fruits, their modulation by agronomic and environmental factors, and their mechanisms of action in human health. Special attention is given to emerging strategies for valorizing fruit by-products as sources of bioactive compounds, as well as to the potential impact of climate change on phytochemical composition. Understanding these interactions is essential to promote sustainable production and the development of novel nutraceuticals derived from Mediterranean fruit biodiversity. • Mediterranean fruits are key dietary sources of bioactive phytochemicals. • Environmental and agronomic factors shape phytochemical profiles. • Fruit phytochemicals support cardio-metabolic health via key mechanisms. • Evidence supports roles in preventing cancer and neurodegeneration.