PRACTICAL UTILITY AND PHARMACOKINETICS OF NETRA KRIYAKALPA IN EYE DISORDERS: A NARRATIVE REVIEW

Background: Netra Kriyakalpa are specialized external therapeutic procedures described in Ayurveda for the prevention and management of ocular disorders. These procedures, including Aschyotana, Seka, Tarpana, Putapaka, Anjana, and Bidalaka, are designed to deliver medicaments directly to ocular structures. Their therapeutic effects are explained on the basis of Dosha shamana, Srotoshodhana, and nourishment of ocular tissues. Elucidation of their mode of action is essential for establishing their scientific rationale and clinical relevance. Materials and Methods: A conceptual review was conducted using classical Ayurvedic texts such as Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya, and relevant commentaries. Contemporary literature related to ocular drug delivery and pharmacodynamics was also reviewed to correlate traditional principles with modern physiological mechanisms. Results: Netra Kriyakalpa primarily act by local pacification of Pitta and Kapha Dosha, reduction of ocular inflammation, and improvement of tissue metabolism. Procedures involving drug retention, such as Tarpana and Putapaka, provide sustained drug contact leading to deeper tissue action, whereas procedures like Seka and Aschyotana offer rapid relief by acting on superficial ocular tissues. The mode of action of Kriyakalpa can be attributed to prolonged drug contact time, enhanced transcorneal absorption, and stimulation of local microcirculation. From a contemporary perspective, these procedures facilitate improved bioavailability, anti-inflammatory effects, tear film stabilization, and neurovascular modulation, supporting their therapeutic outcomes. Conclusion: Netra Kriyakalpa exert multifactorial therapeutic actions through localized Dosha regulation and enhanced ocular drug delivery. Integration of Ayurvedic principles with modern pharmacological concepts provides a scientific basis for their effective clinical application in ocular disorders.