A holistic fire risk-to-resilience framework for the historic bazaars (case study: the Zanjan Bazaar, Iran)

Purpose This study aims to extend conventional analysis by developing and applying a novel, integrated fire risk-to-resilience framework (FRRF). The FRRF transforms fragmented risk information into actionable steps that enhance overall safety and resilience for cultural heritage locations, using real-time data to inform effective responses. Design/methodology/approach A mixed-methods approach was used, comprising: (1) a quantitative fire risk assessment of 12 passages using the computerized fire safety evaluation system (CFSES) software based on National Fire Protection Association 101; and (2) a qualitative analysis of governance and stakeholder perceptions through semi-structured interviews with shop owners, municipal officials and cultural heritage managers. Findings The quantitative assessment using CFSES revealed an “unacceptable” fire risk level in all Passages, primarily due to inadequate exit routes. Crucially, qualitative interviews uncovered that these technical failures are symptoms of underlying managerial deficiencies, including inter-agency miscommunication, insufficient funding and absent emergency plans. Originality/value This research develops a novel FRRF that moves beyond conventional technical assessments. Its originality lies in diagnostically linking identified fire risks, like unsafe exits, to underlying governance and managerial root causes. By integrating quantitative safety diagnostics with qualitative stakeholder analysis, the FRRF provides a holistic, actionable model. This offers significant value for practitioners, translating risk data into a prioritized action plan for enhancing resilience in historic urban fabrics, bridging a critical gap between technical analysis and meaningful, on-the-ground intervention.