Non-Tidal and Agriculture-Linked Wetland System Design, Management and Modelling to Support Ecosystem Services During Climate Change: A Structured and Critical Review Concerning Oceanic, Temperate and Boreal Regions

Wetland system design, management and modelling to support ecosystem services during climate change have been evaluated in this structured and critical review. The focus was on non-tidal and agriculture-linked wetlands in oceanic, temperate and boreal regions. After applying 54 search terms using Google Scholar, 229 references have been cited. The review indicates that local wetland improvements rarely have a measurable impact on the overall watershed. Water can be retained mostly successfully in the landscape for relatively low- and medium-level rainfall. For large and less frequent floods, the concept of Retaining Water in the Landscape rarely applies. The success of compensation schemes for European and United States American farmers to control flood retention depends on financial status, farm size, age and the contract term duration. Ecosystem disservices such as greenhouse gas and nutrient release from ditches should be counteracted by rewetting. Combined water level and nutrient management supports carbon sequestration and protects watercourses from eutrophication. Restored wetlands usually reduce diffuse pollution and enhance biodiversity. The conservation of existing natural wetlands compared to restoring former wetlands is normally more effective regarding carbon storage. The value of sustainably managed wetlands is up to 50 times higher than the mean wetland restoration costs.