On the solutions of a functional equation attaining transcendental numbers only

Abstract We investigate the functional equation $$f(f(x+y))=f(x+y)+f(x)f(y),\ x,y\in \mathbb R.$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∈</mml:mo> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> <mml:mo>.</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> Given a real number $$c\ne 0,$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≠</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> it was shown in [5] that there is a non-trivial solution f with $$f(0)=c$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> iff c is transcendental and $$&gt;-1$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . In that case all values of f are transcendental. In this paper we find all solutions of the functional equation, discuss their odd properties and the connection with ideals in a group algebra.

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Journal
Ricerche di Matematica
Published
2026-05-14
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11587-026-01104-w
Primary Topic
Functional Equations Stability Results
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article
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article

On the solutions of a functional equation attaining transcendental numbers only

Johannes Schoißengeier
Ricerche di Matematica
Functional Equations Stability Results
article

On the solutions of a functional equation attaining transcendental numbers only

Johannes Schoißengeier
article en

Abstract

Abstract We investigate the functional equation $$f(f(x+y))=f(x+y)+f(x)f(y),\ x,y\in \mathbb R.$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mspace/> <mml:mi>x</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>y</mml:mi> <mml:mo>∈</mml:mo> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> <mml:mo>.</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> Given a real number $$c\ne 0,$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≠</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> it was shown in [5] that there is a non-trivial solution f with $$f(0)=c$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> iff c is transcendental and $$&gt;-1$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:mo>-</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . In that case all values of f are transcendental. In this paper we find all solutions of the functional equation, discuss their odd properties and the connection with ideals in a group algebra.

Ricerche di Matematica
University of Vienna (AT)
Openalex Percentile: Top 2%
Functional Equations Stability Results
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