Between Humans and Machines: The Impact of Robot Adoption on Workers’ Health in China

Objective: To examine how robot adoption affects workers’ health in China. Methods: Using China Family Panel Studies data matched with regional robot penetration measures, we estimate health effects with regression models and explore heterogeneity and mechanisms. Results: Robot adoption significantly reduces perceived, diagnosed, and mental health among manufacturing workers. In contrast, effects in non-manufacturing sectors differ. Health impacts vary across worker groups, reflecting heterogeneous exposure and labor market adjustment. Conclusions: Robot adoption may generate adverse health effects through labor displacement and reduced bargaining power. Strengthening social protection and skill training is essential to mitigate health risks associated with technological change.