Advanced ZnO Nanorods and Metal–Organic Frameworks for Sustainable Photocatalytic Microplastic Degradation

The increasing presence of microplastics in the aquatic and terrestrial food chains calls for the need to come up with innovative and effective remediation approaches. Such innovations as zinc oxide (ZnO) structures and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are examined as the second generation of photocatalysts for degrading microplastics under sunlight. We will focus on the latest advances and discuss the structure of photocatalytic processes, their functioning under various light conditions, and their environmental impacts, especially environmental safety and ecotoxicity. ZnO structures are even better photocatalysts because they form reactive oxygen species (ROS) as good as other metal oxides. However, their possible cytotoxicity and the ability to generate oxidative stress require serious evaluation. MOFs, on the contrary, offer physicochemical properties, environmental safety, ecotoxicity, and environmentally friendly synthesis pathways, making them a worthy substitute. The review underscores the urgency of incorporating environmental safety and ecotoxicity into the design of photocatalysts, thereby unlocking their full potential while avoiding environmental or human health risks. Moving forward in the field of sustainable nanotechnology to remove microplastics will provide the way to come up with green innovations and hence guarantee the effectiveness of combating plastic pollution in long-term stability.