Forging Sustainable Carbon–Nitrogen Bonds from CO ₂ and NO <i> _x </i> : Mechanistic Insights and Catalyst Design for Electrochemical CN Coupling

) through operando spectroscopy and theory. Catalyst architectures, including dual-atom sites, heterostructure interfaces, vacancy-engineered lattices, and single-atom frameworks, modulate local charge distribution to favor selective coupling. At the system level, advances in reactor configuration and electrolyte optimization further enhance efficiency and stability. Finally, emerging directions in multimodal diagnostics, machine learning-driven catalyst discovery, and technoeconomic evaluation outline a roadmap for scalable electrochemical CN coupling. Together, these efforts establish a foundation for sustainable nitrogen chemistry and renewable-powered carbon utilization.