Three-Factor ANOVA Approach to Identify Dominant Factors of Dwelling Time at New Makassar 1 Container Terminal

Dwelling time is a crucial indicator of port efficiency, as prolonged container dwell time can undermine logistics competitiveness and increase operational costs. At New Makassar Container Terminal 1, which one of the main maritime gateways to Eastern Indonesia, delays especially in yard often exceed national standards, highlighting the need for operational improvement. This study hypothesizes that sector (domestic or import), container size (20 ft or 40 ft), and commodity type (food, industrial, or building materials) significantly influence container dwelling time, whether individually, through two way interactions, or through a combined three way interaction. To test these hypotheses, a quantitative approach was applied using Three-Factor ANOVA design was employed as the primary analytical framework. The results indicate that domestic and import sectors as well as between 20 ft and 40 ft containers are significantly affect dwelling time. However commodity type, two way interaction and combined three way interaction do not significantly affect dwelling time. Domestic and 20-ft containers consistently show longer dwelling times, mainly due to higher throughput and more frequent re-handling. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the operational dynamics influencing container flow and provide a methodological reference for analyzing multi factor effects on port performance.