Automated multiphase identification and refinement in powder diffraction using mismatch-tolerant machine learning

Powder diffraction is a primary structural characterization tool in materials science, yet automated phase identification remains a major bottleneck for autonomous discovery. Existing workflows rely heavily on search–match heuristics and manual Rietveld refinement, and broadly usable end-to-end automation is especially limited for neutron powder diffraction, where comparable tools are largely absent. Here, we introduce Residual-Aware Deep-learning–Assisted Refinement for Powder Diffraction (RADAR-PD), a modality-aware machine learning framework for phase identification and quantification across both x-ray and neutron powder diffraction. RADAR-PD couples a mismatch-tolerant neural network operating on coarse momentum-transfer fingerprints with automated lattice nudging and physics-constrained Rietveld verification, enabling dominant-phase hypotheses to be generated from elemental constraints and secondary phases to be isolated recursively. On an experimental RRUFF powder x-ray diffraction benchmark, RADAR-PD outperforms data-driven automated Rietveld analysis (DARA) in recovering the reference phase. RADAR-PD further provides robust multiphase analysis on complex time-of-flight and constant-wavelength neutron datasets, addressing an important unmet need in automated neutron diffraction analysis. These results establish RADAR-PD as an auditable, instrument-agnostic framework for autonomous structural discovery.