Recent Advances in Electrospun Nanofiber-Based Wearable Sweat Sensors

Electrospun nanofibers, owing to their high porosity, flexibility, straightforward fabrication, and tunable physicochemical properties, have been widely employed in wearable sensors for gas detection, temperature monitoring, pulse measurement, gesture recognition, and other applications. In recent years, research on employing electrospun nanofibers in wearable sweat sensors has grown substantially. This paper provides the first comprehensive review of the research progress in electrospun nanofiber-based wearable sweat sensors, focusing on structural design, device fabrication, and potential applications. The review begins with a concise introduction to the fundamental aspects of electrospun nanofibers, including their formation principles, processing routes, material selection, and morphological characteristics. It then delves into the key components involved in constructing wearable sweat sensors based on electrospun nanofibers, such as reagent immobilization matrices, signal-enhancing materials, flexible substrates, and sweat collection components. A detailed analysis of the functional mechanisms of nanofibers in these contexts is provided, accompanied by an assessment of their advantages and limitations. Furthermore, recent applications of electrospun nanofiber-based wearable sweat sensors are systematically reviewed. Finally, the review discusses the challenges and potential future applications of electrospun nanofibers in wearable sweat sensors. This comprehensive overview aims to keep researchers informed of the latest advancements in the field and to stimulate further innovative developments.