Vein‐Specific Overexpression of Galactinol Synthase Gene Improves Salinity Tolerance in Poplar

retention, decreased membrane ion leakage, altered carbohydrate reallocation, and elevated oxidative defence capacity. Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses of differentially expressed genes revealed that multiple biological pathways, including hormone signal transduction, carbohydrate metabolism, and environmental adaptation, contributed to the enhanced salt tolerance in CmGolS1-overexpressing poplars. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that vein-localized overexpression of GolS1 in poplar improves its salt tolerance through a coordinated regulatory mechanism, while also highlighting this vein-targeted biotechnology strategy as a promising tool for improving both stress resilience and agronomic traits in plants.