Systematic review of the impacts of climate smart energy solutions on agri food system sustainability

Transforming global agri-food systems (AFS) is essential to meet growing demand and ensure sustainability. Access to reliable, low-carbon energy across agrifood system value chains enhances productivity, incomes, and resilience while reducing losses and emissions. However, most agri-food activities still rely on fossil fuels and inefficient biomass, particularly in rural areas. This study systematically reviews the impacts of climate-smart energy solutions (CSES) on agri-food system sustainability. Specifically, it aims to: (i) identify the major types of CSES applied across AFS components (production, processing, distribution, consumption, and waste management); and (ii) assess their economic, social, and environmental impacts. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a comprehensive review was conducted using Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and AGRIS databases, applying a systematic search and clearly defined inclusion criteria to ensure relevance and comparability. The review includes peer-reviewed studies and grey literature published since 2012 that examine the impacts of CSES among AFS sustainability. After multi-stage screening, 271 eligible studies were categorized by AFS components. Results indicate that CSES adoption improves productivity, profitability, and resource-use efficiency, strengthens processing, storage, and distribution, reduces greenhouse gas emissions, promotes circular resource flows, and supports gender empowerment. Integrating diverse CSES technologies, including agrivoltaics (APV), provides a strategic pathway toward low-carbon, resilient, and sustainable agri-food systems aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals.