Multifunctional metallic and metal-oxide nanomaterials for advanced lithium-ion battery electrode systems

Abstract The surging popularity of electric vehicles and electronic devices used in portable electronics has intensified the need to develop lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with higher energy density, faster charge-discharge capabilities, and longer cycle life. However, traditional intercalation-based electrodes face challenges such as low capacity, sluggish reaction kinetics, and structural degradation. To address these issues, nanoparticle engineering has emerged as a promising strategy to enhance lithium storage performance. In this context, this review summarizes the applications of metallic and metal-oxide nanoparticles in improving LIB electrodes. Specifically, metallic nanoparticles (Ni, Fe, Cu, Ag, and Co) selected for their high electrical conductivity, favorable work functions, catalytic activity, and natural abundance, primarily serve as conductive enhancers, electrocatalysts, and structural stabilizers that promote efficient charge transfer, regulate SEI formation, and reduce mechanical stress within the electrodes. In contrast, metal-oxide nanoparticles (such as TiO 2 , Fe 2 O 3 , MnO 2 , and ZnO) function as high-capacity anode materials. Their nanoscale structure and integration with carbon materials are designed to overcome poor electrical conductivity and the problem of volume expansion during cycling. Moreover, advanced synthesis methods, including heterostructures, carbon-confined structures, defect engineering, and MOF-derived materials are discussed for their roles in enabling multi-electron storage, improving rate capability, and achieving long-term cycling stability.