A 4D-BIM framework for visualizing the long-term durability of reinforced concrete structures subjected to carbonation

Purpose This study aims to address the critical challenge of managing the long-term durability of reinforced concrete infrastructure by developing a visual, 4D-Building Information Modeling (BIM) framework to forecast lifecycle performance and support proactive maintenance strategies for structures subjected to carbonation. Design/methodology/approach The research methodology involves integrating predictive degradation models with a BIM environment. Custom plugins were developed for Autodesk Navisworks to map analytical data – including carbonation depth, rebar corrosion and cracking probability – onto a 3D bridge model, thereby generating easily interpretable, time-based 4D animations. Findings The simulation revealed that structural function is a key determinant of degradation rates. The bridge deck, acting as a tensile member, was projected to fully carbonate in 85 years, significantly faster than the compressive piers (103 years). This accelerated deterioration resulted in a substantially higher long-term cracking probability for the deck (27.5%) compared to the piers (11.7%) after 120 years, at which point the corrosion depth to rebar diameter ratios were 0.53 and 0.35, respectively. Originality/value The value of this study lies in its creation of a practical 4D-BIM tool that transforms complex, abstract durability forecasts into an actionable and visual decision-support system. This novel framework bridges the gap between theoretical degradation models and practical asset management, enabling stakeholders to better understand lifecycle performance and implement timely, proactive maintenance.