An Improved YOLOv9 Based Object Detection with Attention Mechanism for Personal Protective Equipment

Industrial sites pose numerous hazards where unexpected accidents can occur at any time, and personal protective equipment (PPE) is a primary safeguard for worker safety. In this study, PPE specifically refers to safety helmets, safety shoes, and safety gloves. Manual verification of PPE usage is infeasible in environments with many workers, motivating automated detection. This study proposes a method that integrates the Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) exclusively into the training-only auxiliary reversible branch of YOLOv9’s Programmable Gradient Information (PGI) architecture. The proposed CBAMLinear module enhances gradient information during training while introducing zero additional computational overhead at inference, as the entire auxiliary branch is removed. The proposed YOLOv9 with CBAMLinear achieved consistent [email protected]:0.95 gains of 0.005–0.007 over the baseline for the three larger model variants, while maintaining identical inference-time parameters and FLOPs. In industrial safety, even modest performance gains can directly contribute to accident prevention by reducing false positives and false negatives, making this approach well suited for real-time safety management systems in industrial settings.