Plant-Derived Bioactive Compounds and Their Therapeutic Potential in Cancer

Plant-derived bioactive compounds represent a major foundation of modern anticancer therapy and remain a prolific source of molecules with clinically relevant activity. This review provides an integrated classification of plant-derived anticancer compounds based on their clinical development status and predominant molecular mechanisms of action. Established chemotherapeutic agents, including taxanes, vinca alkaloids, and camptothecin derivatives, are distinguished from investigational phytochemicals such as polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, and alkaloids that are under preclinical or clinical evaluation. These compounds target key hallmarks of cancer through modulation of microtubule dynamics, inhibition of topoisomerases, regulation of oncogenic signaling and epigenetic processes, and suppression of angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Particular emphasis is placed on multitarget phytochemicals that interfere with PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, JAK/STAT, and MAPK pathways, induce apoptosis, and promote epigenetic reprogramming. In addition, major translational challenges, especially limited bioavailability, are discussed alongside advances in nano-enabled delivery systems designed to enhance therapeutic efficacy and reduce systemic toxicity. Collectively, this framework highlights the continuing relevance of plant-derived compounds in oncology and supports their rational integration into precision cancer therapy.