A federated learning-benchmarking framework for privacy-preserving UAV intrusion detection using adaptive aggregation algorithms

The recent explosive growth of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) has contributed to their high vulnerability to cyber-attacks including Denial of Service (DoS), identity impersonation and unauthorized access to data. The UAV networks have the inherent risks of centralized Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) which pose critical privacy risks and points of failure, and therefore the decentralized and privacy-preserving learning paradigms are required. The paper presents federated learning architecture called FedDrone-Shield( Federated Learning Framework for Drone Security and Shield against Intrusions), which is used in the task of detecting UAV intrusions in the scenarios of Independent and Identically Distributed (IID) data and the assessment of several aggregation algorithms: FedAvg, FedProx, FedAdam, FedMedian, and ClusterAvg. A significant amount of experiments that were carried out on a dataset on anomaly detection of UAVs prove that FedAdam and ClusterAvg outperform other aggregation strategies by achieving test accuracies of 99.98, F1-scores of 0.9999, and impressively low loss values of 0.0009-0.0014. FedMedian has also closely competitive performance, whereas FedAvg and FedProx are slightly less accurate and slower converging. Client-level assessments also show a consistent high precision, recall and F1-score across all attack types, with weighted F1-scores between 0.9997 and 0.9999, which again shows that there is reliable detection performance amongst distributed UAV clients. These findings make FedDrone-Shield a strong and feasible bench-marking model of federated intrusion detection in UAV networks proving that adaptive aggregation approaches contribute to a substantial improvement of detection accuracy, training, and data privacy. This means that the proposed structure offers a robust basis of intrusion detection that is safe and ensures privacy in distributed UAVs.